It’s an iconic scene: The child is nervous on his shiny new Schwinn,
but he trusts his father—and his training wheels. On the sun-dappled day
they are finally removed, the child is confident that his training
wheels have prepared him to ride a bike—that they have trained
him. His father runs beside the bicycle, holding onto the seat, and then
lets go. The child triumphantly sails forth—face down, into the
pavement.
Oh, the memories!
For generations, training wheels have been the standard way of not
teaching children how to ride a bike. It’s a time-honored childhood
ritual: fumble with wrench, remove tiny wheels, watch child fall on
face, repeat.
It doesn’t have to be like this.
Compared to the rub-some-dirt-on-it old-timeyness of training wheels, balance bikes—those
wooden, pedalless bikes you’ve definitely seen if you live in Portland
or Brooklyn, and you’ve maybe seen if you live somewhere else—look like a
newfangled waste of money, a meta-bike, a parody of the kinds of crap
consumer-culture parents will buy. (They will buy a bike that literally doesn’t work!)
But the balance bike isn’t newfangled at all. It is a direct descendant
of the first proto-bicycle. And its popularity is growing for very good
reason: It corrects the tragic historical error of training wheels.
Source : http://www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2012/05/training_wheels_don_t_work_balance_bikes_teach_children_how_to_ride_.single.html
It’s unclear when training wheels became popular, although historians
suggest the early 1900s seem most likely. But it’s apparent why
they became popular. They were an obvious solution to an obvious
problem: How do you convince someone to climb onto something that is
obviously going to fall over?
It’s easy to forget how counterintuitive the act of bicycling is. For
starters, to steady a bicycle, you have to turn in the direction that
the bike is leaning. This is so unconscious that when you’re riding a
bike you don’t know you’re doing it. Children know they’re doing it,
though, which is why they have such trouble. It just feels wrong. The
intellect, as Mark Twain wrote after learning to ride a bicycle, “has to
teach the limbs to discard their old education and adopt the new.”
To make matters worse, in order to ride a bike, you have to be
willing to embrace its precariousness. As Archibald Sharp, an English
engineer, wrote in a seminal book on bicycling
in 1896, “If the bicycle and rider be at rest, the position is thus one
of unstable equilibrium, and no amount of gymnastic dexterity will
enable the position to be maintained for more than a few seconds.” To
lose your nerve is to lose your balance.
So it isn’t surprising that aspiring riders wanted some greater
stability, especially when bicycles were still a wondrous sight. “We
can't imagine today how huge the fear of balancing was among the adult
population,” the German historian of technology Hans-Erhard Lessing
explained in an interview. “People would hardly dare to take their feet
off safe ground.”
The impulse to solve this problem by adding extra wheels predates
training wheels. “No sooner was a practicable bicycle made than
attention was turned to the three-wheeler as being the safer of the two
machines,” Sharpe noted. In the 1880s, there were tricycles that look like today’s bicycles—except
instead of a having a single back wheel, they have a pair of wheels,
evenly spaced. The problem, as the early innovators learned, was that
the extra wheel made matters worse. Any kid who’s tried to corner on a tricycle or training wheels knows this.
To learn to bike, you must solve two problems: the pedaling problem
and the balance problem. Training wheels only solve the pedaling
problem—that is, the easy one. Learning to balance on a bike is much
more difficult, and a “training” tool that eliminates the need to
balance is worse than beside the point. Training wheels only train you
to ride a bike with training wheels. It’s no wonder your first
experience riding a bike with no training wheels was terrifying! You’d
never done anything like it before.
In his classic Bicycling Science,
the MIT engineering professor David Gordon Wilson dismissed the whole
concept of training wheels in a single memorable sentence: “It’s hard to
see how training wheels can inculcate any of the desired balancing
habits, unless they are off the ground.” Instead, Wilson proposed, try
“the commonsense idea of having those learning to ride a bicycle adjust
the bicycle’s seat low enough to plant their feet on the ground and
practice by coasting down gentle, grassy slopes.”
Wilson’s advice wasn’t new. A century before, young bicyclists were being told the same thing:
“Another plan that may be adopted with advantage, is to remove the
pedals and place the saddle so low that the feet can easily reach the
ground, and then push the machine along in the way the old hobby-horse
was propelled, taking care to begin on a level surface.” Do this and you
have made a balance bike. But you have also made the first
proto-bicycle: the Draisine.
In the beginning, there was Mount Tambora. (Stay with me.) When the
Indonesian volcano exploded in April 1816, it blew ash into the outer
atmosphere, altering the weather worldwide for months. Harvests failed
across Europe; 1816 would be known as the Year Without a Summer.
As the price of oats for horses soared, the mind of a young German
baron named Karl Drais turned to the idea of a mechanical horse.
His Draisine was a wooden contraption with no pedals or chain.
Instead, the rider would walk along the ground and push himself forward,
moving faster than a pedestrian could. The invention swiftly spread
across Europe and the Atlantic, inspiring numerous knock-offs. But the
novelty wore off within a couple of years: The roads were too rough; the
ride was exhausting; there were accidents. The bicycle historian David Herlihy has written that early riders of the Draisine soon discovered that “every journey cost a pair of boots.” Drais died in poverty.
To a remarkable degree, the modern balance bike is a copy of the
Draisine. Both are made mostly of wood (although not all balance bikes
are). Draisine riders leaned forward against a board, not unlike the way
children do today, pushed off the ground and sped away. Today, it is
easy to see a bicycle in a balance bike. In 1816, no one could: The
bicycle wouldn’t achieve anything close to its modern form for decades.
Children who hop off a balance bike and onto a bicycle are taking a
half-century shortcut.
There are more and more parents who are taking that shortcut. The San
Francisco Bicycle Coalition runs a popular event that’s explicitly
about junking the training wheels. (They also have a good handout about how to do so.) Balance bike models are proliferating and, according to bicycle dealers, sales are rising.
And they should. Children learning to ride on a balance bike solve the balancing problem first.
And they solve it easily: Kids on balance bikes are faster and steadier
than the contraptions would seem to permit. (Yield the sidewalk.) They
have the same confidence as a child on training wheels, but the
confidence is justified: They actually do know how to balance themselves
on a bicycle. Once on a real bicycle, these kids only have to learn how
to make the pedals work. Learning to pedal while balancing is still
tricky, of course, but it is far simpler than learning to balance while
pedaling.
So skip the training wheels and get rid of the pedals instead. The
longstanding popularity of training wheels is a historical headache; no
one knows why anyone ever thought they’d be good at what they’re meant
to do. Instead, they are a paradigmatic case of a learning tool that
teaches the wrong lesson. Once they disappear, only the makers of
Band-Aids will feel the pain.
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